Türkiye

Beginning with its transition from a multi-Ethnic Ottoman empire to a nation-state, the social contract in Türkiye was re-negotiated multiple times in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although nation-state formation was based on the idea of unity with security concerns, many historical and current challenges lead to reconstruction of the social contract in its second century. Türkiye is also a textbook example of how affective polarisation undermines pluralistic democracy and increases the support for populist and majoritarian parties, ultimately making the country vulnerable to the poly-crises of today.